 
  
  Lenhart K. Schubert
  Professor Emeritus 
  Computer Science Department 
  Rochester, NY  14627-0226
  
  Email: lastname AT cs DOT rochester DOT edu 
  Fax: (585) 273-4556 
  
  
  Ph.D. (1970) University of Toronto. Assistant Professor
  ('73-'77), Associate Professor ('77-'84), Professor ('84-'88); University of
  Alberta. Professor ('88-'24) and Professor Emeritus ('24-present), 
  University of Rochester. I am also a member of the 
  Center for Language Sciences (CLS).
  
  My research interests center around language, dialogue agents, knowledge
  representation, and reasoning. These interests are tied together by 
  the general goal of developing AGI agents -- ones with not only
  conversational fluency, but with common sense and human-level logistical
  and planning abilities, self-awareness, self-motivation, and the ability 
  acquire knowledge through language and observation. Some specific topics 
  my collaborators and I have worked on include
  
  -  speech-based animated dialogue agents for both conversation practice 
    (in casual and medical settings) and in a physical table-top blocks world;
  
-  very expressive, language-like logics to capture the content of
    ordinary language as directly as possible, in a way that supports
    reliable, explainable reasoning. A well-developed version supported by
    a general inference engine is Episodic Logic;
    this can be viewed as a formalization and generalization of natural
    logic.
  
-  a comprehensive framework for schemas (subsuming scripts, 
    frames, and plans) for guiding understanding and behavior (including 
    dialogue); schema learning from text and human-computer interaction;
  
-  semantics of events/situations, tense/aspect, reference, affixes,
    mass terms, generic sentences, belief, questions, vagueness;
  
-  efficient, specialized inference techniques for taxonomies,
    part-structure, temporal relations, and other classes of relations
    that pervade commonsense knowledge and are handled effortlessly
    by people;
  
-  high-fidelity semantic parsing, allowing for the full expressivity
    of natural language; natural-logic-like inference based on unscoped
    logical forms; see the ULF
    website by Gene Kim; more recent work on ULF is reported in 
    Publications (below: look for Miles Frank and Lane Lawley);
  
-  rule-based probabilistic inference using algebraic probabilities;
  
-  Deriving general 
    world knowledge from texts and taxonomies, as an attack on the 
    "knowledge acquisition bottleneck" in AI; a system developed 2001-9 is 
    called KNEXT
    (KNowledge EXtraction from Text). More recent work mines large language
    models (LLMs) for knowledge about common artifacts (below: look for
    Hannah Y. An);
  
-  reasoning about plans and actions, in support of both language
    understanding (e.g., conversation planning and inferring the
    goals and plans of story characters) and domain reasoning
    (e.g., formulating plans of action in a transportation domain);
    automatically discovering invariants in planning domains -- see
    the DISCOPLAN 
    system; solving the Frame Problem using "explanation closure".
  
  
Some courses taught:
  
   CSC 191/291 (Topics in Computer Science): Machines and Consciousness
   DSC 530 (module on NLP)
   CSC 244/444: Machine Reasoning
   CSC 247/447: Natural Language Processing
   CSC 280: Computer Models and Limitations
   CSC 242: Artificial Intelligence
  
  
Present/recent faculty & graduate research collaborators:
   Hannah An: Lexical knowledge and object schema acquisition
   Benjamin Kane: Management of casual and physically
    grounded dialogue for virtual humans 
   Lane Lawley: Schema learning from stories
   Georgiy Platonov: Modeling spatial relations,
    concept learning, dialogue agents for physical worlds
   Gene Kim: High-fidelity semantic parsing, knowledge
    acquisition, inference
   Zahra Razavi: Dialogue
    design and management in a virtual human
   Viet Duong: Semantic parsing and ULF-based inference
   M. Ehsan Hoque: Virtual humans for conversation training
   Mohammad Rafayet Ali: Virtual humans for dialogue 
     practice
   Daniel Gildea: Semantic parsing
   James Allen: Dialogue processing, deep understanding
     (Linguistics): Semantics of action and event nominals
 
   Greg Carlson
   Alfonso Gerevini: (U. Brescia): 
     Efficient domain-independent planning
     
     
 Present/ recent Undergraduate research assistants:
     Miles Frank, Jiacan Yu. Nono Horiuchi, Riya Sharma; in 2021 & 2022:
     Muskaan Mendiratta, Benjamin Kuehnert, Marcus Hill, Mandar Juvekar, Xi
     (Lucy) Lu, 
Aaron Gindi, Benson Gathee, Yifei Yang, Jonathan Waxman, 
     Junis Ekmekciu, Catherine Giugno,
 Haoyu Wu, Serena Matera, Erin Gibson,
     Winnie Wan, Piyush Saina, Alexa Miller
  
  
Some past research collaborators (as of 1988):
   Adam Purtee (Ph.D. 2018, U of R), now a U of R
      faculty member: 
Knowledge representation, pattern transduction, 
      rule-based probabilistic inference
   Jonathan Gordon (Ph.D. 2014, U of R), now at ISI: 
      Inferential commonsense knowledge from text
  
 Daphne Liu (Ph.D. 2012, U of R), now at Sales Force:
     Self-motivated cognitive agent design
  
 Benjamin Van Durme (Ph.D. 2010, U of R), now at Johns Hopkins U:
      Extracting implicit knowledge from text
  
 Fabrizio Morbini (Ph.D. 2009, U of R), now at Tact.ai:
      Computational infrastructure for a self-aware agent
  Shuwen Zhang: 
    Sentiment analysis in dialogue, turn-taking corpus annotation
  Zining Wen: 
    Sentiment analysis system using word occurrence patterns
  Burkay Donderici: 
    Logical form annotation for semantic parsing, spatial relation judging
  
 Akihiro Minami (U of R undergrad):
      Logical form annotation for semantic parsing corpus; spatial relation
      judging
  
 Tianyi Ma (U of R MS student):
      Dialogue turn-taking annotation; logical form annotation for 
      semantic parsing
  
Eric Bigelow (U of R undergrad), now M.S. grad at U of R:
     Imagistic modeling for story understanding
  
Daniel Scarafoni (U of R undergrad), now MS grad at U of R:
     Imagistic modeling for story understanding
  
Alex Wilson (U of R undergrad):
     Imagistic modeling for story understanding
  
 David Sekora (U of R undergrad), now Ph.D. candidate, UMD:
     Verb argument structure compilation, schema building
  
    Adina Rubinoff (U of R undergrad), now at Factset, Norwalk, CT: 
    Acquiring lexical meaning postulates via VerbNet 
  
 Ting Qian (U of R undergrad, then Ph.D.), now data scientist at
      The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia:
      Class attribute extraction, lexical semantics
  
   
   Henry Kyburg, Jr.: http://www.cs.rochester.edu/dept/news/kyburg_obituary.shtml
  
   Proshanto Mukherji: (Ph.D.
    2006, U of R), now an Associate at Fish & Richardson in Boston, after earning 
    a JD at Harvard Law School:
 Discovering Laws as Anomalies in Logical Worlds
 
  
   Tom Weingarten (U of R undergrad), subsequently NYU PhD, now CTO at 
    Delve News, New York: 
    Using pulse train to compute probabilities in Bayesian networks
  
   David Ahn: 
    (Ph.D. 2004, U of R), now computational semanticist at Google:
     
Semantics/pragmatics of adverbially quantified sentences
  
   Teresa Zollo: 
    (Ph.D. 2003, U of R), now at Ithaca College: 
     Recovery from speech recognition errors
  
   Matthew Tong:
    (B.Sc.  2003, U of R), now at IBM's Austin Research Lab:
    Mining general world knowledge from texts
  
 
   Amon Seagull 
     (Ph.D. 2000, U of R), now IT and Portfolio Manager, Magic Leap, Fort Lauderdale:
     
 Well-foundedness and reliability in natural language parsing
  
   Aaron Kaplan:, 
   (Ph.D. 2000, U of R), now lead software engineer at NewsCred, New York, after 
   10 years at XRCE, Grenoble:
   
 A computational model of belief
  
   Mark Core (Ph.D. 2000, U of R), 
    now at the Institute for Creative Technologies, Playa Vista, CA:
     
 Dialog parsing: From speech repairs to speech acts
  
   Marc Light (Ph.D. 1995, U of R), now senior scientist at 
   WindLogics, St. Paul:
     Morphological cues for lexical semantics
  
   Massimo Poesio (Ph.D. 1994, U of R), now at Queen Mary University, U.K.:
     Assigning semantic scope to operators in dialogues
  
   Chung Hee Hwang (Ph.D. 1992, U of Alberta), now retired from GE Global Research,
     Schenectady, NY:
 A logical approach to narrative understanding, 
     Episodic Logic
  
   Alice Kyburg (Ph.D. 1994, U of R), now at U. Wisconsin at Oshkosh:
     Pragmatic and semantic accounts of vagueness
  
   Stephanie Schaeffer (M.S. 1988, U of Alberta), systems prog., 1988-92:
     Temporal reasoning, hybrid reasoning, EPILOG development
  
   Jeffry Pelletier (Professor, U. Alberta):
     Semantic interpretation, semantics of mass terms and generics
  
   Fahiem Bacchus (Ph.D. 1988, U of Alberta), now at U. Toronto:
      Representing and reasoning about probabilistic knowledge
  
   Caoan Wang (Ph.D. 1988, U of Alberta), now at Memorial U. of Newfoundland:
     Computational geometry
  
  
  
Professional activities and awards
  
   KR'98 program co-chair
   ACL'93 program chair
   CSCSI'80 program chair
   ACM Trans. on Computational Logic editorial board (2007-2025)
   JAIR editorial board (1996-1999)
   Computational Intelligence editorial board (1985-2003)
   Computational Linguistics editorial board (1983-5)
  
   Fellow of the AAAI (elected in 1993 for "fundamental contributions in NLP,
   esp. in the formalization, representation, and practical implementation
   of non-first order concepts")
  
   Alexander von Humboldt Fellow (1978-9)
  
   Associate of the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (1985-88)
  
   Outstanding Contribution award for the KR'89 paper (with C.H. Hwang),
   "An episodic knowledge representation for narrative texts"
  
  
  
Publications
  
- Lenhart Schubert,
   "Tackling the Pretty Hard Problem: Could robots have
   human-like consciousness?", 12th Ann. Conf. on Advances in Cognitive 
   Systems (ACS-2025), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, 
   October 13-15, 2025. (The version here includes some corrections.)
- Hannah Y. An and Lenhart Schubert,
   "Large 
   language models as a tool for mining object knowledge",
  CAOS 9: Cognition and Ontologies, at Joint Ontology Workshops (JOWO), 15th 
  Int. Conf. on Formal Ontology in Information Systems (FOIS 2025), Catania,
  Italy, September 8-12, 2025, 14pp.
-  Miles Frank and Lenhart Schubert, 
  "Boosting
  a Semantic Parser Using Treebank Trees Automatically Annotated with 
  Unscoped Logical Forms", Proc. of the 6th Int. Workshop on Designing 
  Meaning Representations (DMR 2025), Prague, Czechia, Aug 4-5, 2025, pp. 19-29. 
  A preliminary
   version was presented as a poster at 11th Ann. Conf. on Advances 
  in Cognitive Systems (ACS 2024), Poster Collection, 2024, 1-15. 
- Jiacan Yu, Hannah Y. An, and Lenhart K. Schubert,
    "Language models benefit from preparation with elicited knowledge", 
   arXiv:2409.01345 [cs.CL], Sept. 6, 2024.
-  Kurtis G. Haut, Ronald Epstein, Thomas Carroll, Benjamin Kane, 
  Lenhart Schubert, and Ehsan Hoque, "SOPHIE: Testing a Virtual, Interactive, 
  AI-Augmented End-of-Life Communication Training Tool" (poster & abstract), 
  State of the Science in Hospice and Palliative Care Faculty Portal, 
  State of the Science Symposium, March 22-24, 2024, Phoenix, Arizona.
  Also see Abstract RP122
  in J. of Pain and Symptom Management 67(5):e794-e795, May 2024; DOI: 
  10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2024.02.469
- Lenhart Schubert,
  "Predictability and
  Randomness", arXiv:2401.13066 [cs.IT], Jan. 23, 2024; a re-typeset U. of 
  Alberta technical report no longer available as such; 
  with slight correction
  in proof of Theorem 9.
- Benjamin Kane, Lenhart Schubert,  
  "Get the gist? 
  Using large language models for few-shot decontextualization", 
  arXiv:2310.06254v1 [cs.CL] 10 Oct 2023 (https://arxiv.org/pdf/2310.06254.pdf).
- Benjamin Kane, Lenhart Schubert, 
  "We are 
   what we repeatedly do: Inducing and deploying habitual schemas in 
   persona-based responses", EMNLP 2023, Dec 6-10, Singapore.
- Gene Louis Kim, Mandar Juvekar, Junis Ekmekciu, Viet Duong, and Lenhart
  Schubert, "Monotonic inference with unscoped episodic logical form: From
  principles to system", J. of Logic, Language and Information (2023), 
  https://doi.org/10.1007/s10849-023-09412-2. 
  Submitted version.
- Mandar Juvekar, Gene Kim, and Lenhart Schubert, 
  "Semantically informed 
  data augmentation for unscoped episodic logical forms", 15th Int. 
  Conf.  on Computational Semantics (IWCS 2023), Nancy, France, June 20-23, 
  2023.
- Kurtis Haut, Caleb Wohn, Benjamin Kane, Thomas Carrol, Catherine Guigno,
   Varun Kumar, Ron Epstein, Lenhart Schubert, and Ehsan Hoque, 
   
   "Validating a virtual human and automated feedback system for training
   doctor-patient communication skills", (to appear), Int. Conf. on 
   Affective Computing (ACII 2023), MIT Media Lab, Cambridge, MA, Sept. 
   10--13, 2023. Long version: 
   arXiv:2306.15213v1 [cs.HC] June 27, 2023.
-  Benjamin Kane, Catherine Giugno, Lenhart Schubert, Kurtis Haut, Caleb 
   Wohn, and Ehsan Hoque, Managing Emotional Dialogue for a Virtual Cancer 
   Patient: A Schema-Guided Approach", IEEE Trans. on Affective Computing
   15, July-Sept. 2024, pp. 1041-1052. DOI: 10.1109/TAFFC.2023.3317805.  
   Prior arXiv version,  "A
   flexible schema-guided dialogue management framework: From friendly peer
   to virtual standardized cancer patient", arXiv:2207.07276, 2022.
- Lane Lawley and Lenhart Schubert, 
   "Mining logical
   event schemas from pre-trained language models", Proc. of 
   ACL-SRW 2022, May 22-27, 2022, Dublin, pp. 332-345.
   video of ACL-SRW presentation
- Lane Lawley and Lenhart Schubert, 
   Logical 
   story representations via FrameNet + semantic parsing", Proc. 
   of the First Workshop on Distributional and Curated Semantics @ NAACL
   2022, July 14, 2022, Seattle, WA, pp. 19-23.
  
- Erin Gibson and Lane Lawley, 
   "Language-model-based
   parsing and English generation for Unscoped Episodic Logical Forms", 
   Poster 
   #201, FLAIRS 2022, Hutchinson Island, Jensen Beach, FL,
   May 15-18, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32473/flairs.v35i.130703
-  S. Zahra Razavi, Lenhart K. Schubert, Kimberly van Orden, Mohammad 
   Rafayet Ali, "Discourse
   behavior of older adults interacting with a dialogue agent competent in 
   multiple topics", ACM Transactions on Interactive Intelligent 
   Systems, May 20, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1145/3484510.
   (Previous
   version, arXiv:1907.06279v1 [cs.HC] 14 Jul 2019).
 
-  Georgiy Platonov, Benjamin Kane, and Lenhart K. Schubert, 
"Generating 
  justifications in a spatial question-answering dialogue system for 
  a blocks world", Proc. of the Reasoning and Interaction 
  Conference (ReInAct 2021), Gothenburg, Sweden, Oct. 2021, pp. 53-57. 
- Georgiy Platonov, Yifei Yang, Haoyu Wu, Jonathan Waxman, Marcus Hill, and
   Lenhart K. Schubert, "Modeling
   semantics and pragmatics of spatial prepositions via hierarchical 
   common-sense primitives", 2nd Int. Combined Workshop on Spatial 
   Language Understanding and Grounded Communication for Robotics 
   (SpLU-RoboNLP 2021, in conjunction with ACL-IJCNLP 2021), August 5-6, 2021.
- Gene Louis Kim, Mandar Juvekar, Junis Ekmekciu, Viet Duong, and Lenhart 
  Schubert, A (mostly)
  symbolic system for monotonic inference with unscoped Episodic Logical Forms,
  NAtural LOgic Meets MAchine Learning (NALOMA'21), University of Groningen,
  Netherlands, June 16, 2021.
- Gene Louis Kim, Viet Duong, Xin Lu, and Lenhart Schubert, 
   A
   transition-based parser for unscoped episodic logical form", 14th Int. 
   Conf. on Computational Semantics (IWCS 2021), Univ. of Groningen, 
   Netherlands, June 16-18, 2021.
- Mohammad Rafayet Ali, Taylan Sen, Benjamin Kane, Shagun Bose, Thomas Carroll, 
    Ronald Epstein, Lenhart Schubert, and Mohammed Ehsan Hoque, "Novel 
    Computational Linguistic Measures, Dialogue System and the Development 
    of SOPHIE: Standardized Online Patient for Healthcare Interaction Education",
    IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing (IEEE TAC), 2021 (to appear).
    Pre-publication version;
    Online version.
- Rafayet Ali, Ehsan Hoque, Paul Duberstein, Lenhart Schubert, Seyedeh Zahra 
   Razavi,  Benjamin Kane, Caroline Silva, Jennifer S. Daks, Meghan Huang, 
   and Kim Van Orden, "Aging and Engaging: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial 
   of an Online Conversational Skills Coach for Older Adults", Am. J. of
   Geriatric Psychiatry 29(8):804-815, Aug. 2021. 
   (preview).
- Benjamin Kane, Georgiy Platonov, and Lenhart K. Schubert, 
  "Registering 
  historical context in a spoken dialogue system for spatial question 
  answering in a physical blocks world", 23rd Int. Conf. on Text, 
  Speech and Dialogue (TSD 2020), Virtual Conference, Sep 8, 2020 - Sep 11, 
  2020.
- Lane Lawley, Benjamin Kuehnert, and Lenhart Schubert, "Learning general event schemas with episodic logic", NaLoMa 2020: Natural Logic meets Machine Learning,, Workshop at NASSLLI 2020, Brandeis 
University,Waltham MA, July 11-17, 2020.
- Gene Louis Kim, Mandar Juvekar, and Lenhart Schubert, "Monotonic inference for underspecified episodic logic",
NaLoMa 2020: Natural Logic meets Machine Learning,, Workshop at NASSLLI 2020, Brandeis University,Waltham MA, July 11-17, 2020.
- Georgiy Platonov, Benjamin Kane, Aaron Gindi, and Lenhart K. Schubert,
"A spoken dialogue
 system for spatial question answering in a physical blocks world", SigDial
2020, colocated with ACL 2020, virtual, July 1-3, 2020.
  
- Mohammad Rafayet Ali, S. Zahra Razavi, Raina Langevin, Abdullah Mamun, 
  Reza Rawassizadeh, Lenhart Schubert, and M.Ehsan Hoque, 
  "A virtual conversational agent for teens with autism: Experimental results and 
  design lessons", 20th ACM Int. Conf. on Intelligent Virtual Agents 
 (https://iva2020.psy.gla.ac.uk/), U. of Glasgow, UK, virtual conference, 
 Oct. 19 - 23, 2020. 
  
- S. Zahra Razavi, Benjamin Kane, Lenhart K. Schubert, 
"Investigating 
Linguistic and Semantic Features for Turn-Taking Prediction in Open-Domain 
Human-Computer Conversation", Interspeech, Graz, Austria, Sept. 15-19, 
2019, 4140-4144.
https://www.isca-speech.org/archive/Interspeech_2019/pdfs/3152.pdf
- G. Platonov, B. Kane, A. Gindi, L.K. Schubert, 
"A spoken dialogue system for spatial question answering in a physical 
blocks world", arXiv:1911.02524v1 [cs.AI] 6 Nov 2019.
- G.L. Kim, B. Kane, V. Duong, M. Mendiratta, G. McGuire, S. Sackstein, G. Platonov, 
    and L.K. Schubert, ,"Generating discourse inferences from unscoped episodic logical formulas"
    (pre-publication version), The First Int. Workshop on Designing Meaning 
    Representations (DMR 2019), held in conjunction with ACL 2019, 
    August 1, 2019, in Florence, Italy.
- Lane Lawley, Gene Louis Kim and Lenhart Schubert,
  "Towards natural language story understanding with rich logical schemas " (pre-publication version), Workshop on Natural Language and Computer Science (NLCS) at the 13th Int. Conf. on Computational Semantics (IWCS 2019), Univ. of Gothenburg, Sweden, May 23-27, 2019.
  
- G.L. Kim and L.K. Schubert,
  "A type-coherent, expressive representation as an initial
  step to language understanding" (pre-publication version), 13th Int. Conf.
  on Computational Semantics (IWCS 2019), Univ. of Gothenburg, Sweden, May 23-27,
  2019.
  
- A.E. Gerevini and L.K. Schubert, 
  "Discovering state constraints for planning 
  with conditional effects in DISCOPLAN, Part I (pre-publication version)", 
  Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence (AMAI), published online
  April 2019, https://rdcu.be/bxdI1; in the completed journal issue (Festschrift 
  in honor of Oliviero Stock), vol. 88, no. 5, 2020, pp. 641-686. 
  DOI 10.1007/s10472-019-09618-w.
  
- S. Zahra Razavi, Lenhart K. Schubert, Benjamin Kane, Mohammad Rafayet Ali,
  Kimberly A. Van Orden, and Tianyi Ma,
  "Dialogue
  design and management for multi-session casual conversation with older adults",
  Workshop on User-Aware Conversational Agents (User2Agent), at the 
  24th Int. Conf. on Intelligent User Interfaces (ACM IUI 2019),
  March 17-20, 2019, Los Angeles, USA.
  
- G. Platonov and L.K. Schubert, 
  "Computational models 
  for spatial prepositions", Proc. of the 1st Int. Workshop on Spatial 
  Language Understanding, New Orleans, LA, June 6, 2018, pp. 21--30.
  
-  S.Z. Razavi, L.K. Schubert, M.R. Ali, and M.E. Hoque,
  "Managing casual 
  spoken dialogue using flexible schemas, pattern transduction trees, and gist 
  clauses", 5th Ann. Conf. on Advances in Cognitive Systems (ACS 2017), 
  Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, May 12-14, 2017.
  (Version
  at ACS 2017 site)
  
-  A. Purtee and L.K. Schubert, "Simple rules for probabilistic commonsense reasoning",
  5th Ann. Conf. on Advances in Cognitive Systems (ACS 2017), Rensselaer 
  Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, May 12-14, 2017. (This version is corrected
  from the slightly flawed 
  ACS conference version.)
  
-  Gene Kim and Lenhart Schubert,"Intension, attitude, and tense annotation in a high-fidelity semantic representation",
  in Proc. of the Workshop on Computational Semantics Beyond Events and Roles 
  (SemBEaR), Valencia, Spain, April 4, 2017.
 
  
-  S.Z. Razavi, M.R. Ali, T.H. Smith, L.K. Schubert, and M.E. Hoque, 
  "The LISSA virtual human and ASD teens: An 
  overview of initial experiments", 16th Int. Conf. on Intelligent Virtual 
  Agents (IVA 2016), Los Angeles, Sept. 20-23.
  
-  Gene Kim and Lenhart Schubert, 
  "High-fidelity 
  lexical axiom construction from verb glosses", Proc. of the 5th Joint 
  Conf. on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*SEM 2016), pp. 34-44,
  Berlin, Germany, August 11-12, 2016.
  
-  L.K. Schubert, 
   "What
   kinds of knowledge are required for genuine understanding", IJCAI 2015 
   Workshop on Cognitive Knowledge Acquisition and Applications (Cognitum 2015), 
   Buenos Aires, July 25, 2015. Slides
   of the talk (not delivered as planned -- thanks, American Airlines).
  
-  L.K. Schubert, "Semantic
   representation", 29th AAAI Conference (AAAI15), Jan. 25-30, 2015, 
   Austin, TX. Slides
   of the talk.
  
-  E. Bigelow, D. Scarafoni, L. Schubert, and A. Wilson, 
    "On the need for
   imagistic modeling in story understanding",  Biologically Inspired 
   Cognitive Architectures 11, Jan. 2015, 22--28.  (Presented at Ann.
   Int. Conf. on Biologically Inspired Computing Architectures (BICA 2014), 
   Nov. 7-9, MIT, Cambridge, MA, 2014.)
  
-  L.K. Schubert, 
   "Computational linguistics", in Edward N. Zalta (Principal Editor), Stanford 
   Encyclopedia of Philosophy, CSLI, Stanford, CA.(100pp), 2014.
  
-  L.K. Schubert, 
  "From Treebank parses to Episodic Logic and commonsense inference",
  Proc. of the ACL 2014 Workshop on Semantic Parsing, Baltimore, MD,
  June 26, ACL, 55-60.
  
-  Daphne Liu and L.K. Schubert, 
  "Towards 
  self-motivated, cognitive, continually planning agents", Computational 
  Intelligence 31(3), 385-417, August 2015. (First published online 
  Jan.\ 21, 2014, DOI: 10.1111/coin.12029.) 
  Pre-publication version.
  
-  L.K. Schubert, "NLog-like
   inference and commonsense reasoning", in A. Zaenen, V. de Paiva,
   & C. Condoravdi (eds.), Semantics for Textual Inference, special
   issue of Linguistic Issues in Language Technology (LiLT) 9(9), 2013.
   (The pdf file is a preliminary version, Dept. of Computer Science,
   University of Rochester, Oct. 2012.)
 
-  Daphne Liu and L.K. Schubert, An 
   infrastructure for self-motivated, continually planning agents in virtual 
   worlds", Tech. Rep. TR 985, Dept. of Computer Science, Univ. of 
   Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, Dec 2012.
Using Textual Patterns to Learn Expected Event Frequencies.
 
- J. Gordon and L.K. Schubert, Using Textual Patterns to Learn Expected Event Frequencies, 
    Proc. of the NAACL Workshop on Automatic Knowledge Base Construction and 
    Web-Scale Knowledge Extraction (AKBC-WEKEX), 2012.
  
-  J. Gordon and L.K. Schubert, WordNet
   hierarchy axiomatization and the mass-count distinction", 7th IEEE Int. Conf. 
   on Semantic Computing (ICSC 2013), September 16-18, Irvine, CA, 2013.
  
-  A. Purtee and L.K. Schubert, "TTT: 
  A tree transduction language for syntactic and semantic processing",  
  EACL 2012 Workshop on Applications of Tree Automata Techniques in Natural 
  Language Processing (ATANLP 2012), Avignon, France, Apr. 24, 2012.
  
-  L.K. Schubert, J. Gordon, K. Stratos, and A. Rubinoff,
  "Towards adequate knowledge and natural inference",
  in Proc. of AAAI Fall Symposium on Advances in Cognitive Systems (ACS '11),
  Arlington, VA, Nov. 4-6, 2011.
  
- K. Stratos, L.K. Schubert, & J. Gordon, 
  "Episodic Logic: 
   Natural Logic + reasoning", Int. Conf. on Knowledge Engineering and 
   Ontology Development, (KEOD'11), Oct 26-29, Paris, 2011.
  
- L.K. Schubert, B. Van Durme, and M. Bazrafshan,
  "Entailment inference in a natural logic-like
  general reasoner", Common Sense Knowledge Symposium (CSK-10), 
  AAAI 2010 Fall Symposium Series, Arlington, VA, November 11-13, 2010.
  
- Daphne Liu and L.K. Schubert, 
  "Combining 
  self-motivation with logical planning and inference in a reward-seeking 
  agent", Proc.  of the Int. Conf. on Agents and Artificial 
  Intelligence (ICAART 2010), vol. 2 (INSTICC Press), Valencia, Spain, 
  Jan. 22-24, 2010, pp. 257-263.
  
- Jonathan Gordon and Lenhart Schubert,
  "Quantificational sharpening 
  of commonsense knowledge", Proc. of the AAAI Fall Symposium on Commonsense 
  Knowledge, Arlington, VA, Nov. 11-13, 2010.
  
-  L.K. Schubert, 
  "From generic 
  sentences to scripts", IJCAI'09 Workshop W22, Logic and the Simulation 
  of Interaction and Reasoning (LSIR 2), Pasadena, CA, July 12, 2009.
  
- F. Morbini and L.K. Schubert, 
  "Evaluation of 
  Epilog: A reasoner for Episodic Logic", Commonsense'09, June 1-3, 
  2009, Toronto, Canada. Also available at http://commonsensereasoning.org/2009/papers.html
  
-  L.K. Schubert, 
  "Language Understanding
   as Recognition and Transduction of Numerous Overlaid Patterns",
   AAAI Spring Symposium on Learning by Reading and Learning to Read,
   Mar 23-25, 2009, Stanford, pp. 94-96.
  
-  D. Liu and L.K. Schubert,
  "Incorporating
  planning and reasoning into a self-motivated, communicative agent", 
  The 2nd Conf. on Artificial General Intelligence (AGI-09), Arlington, 
  VA, March 6-9, 2009, pp. 108-113.
  
-  B. Van Durme, P. Michalak, and L.K. Schubert,
  "Deriving
  generalized knowledge from corpora using WordNet abstraction",
  12th Conf. of the European Chapter of the Assoc. for Computational 
  Linguistics (EACL-09), Mar. 30 - Apr. 3, 2009, Athens, Greece.
  
-  L.K. Schubert and B. Van Durme,
  "Open
  extraction of general knowledge through compositional semantics",
  Notebook of the NSF Symposium on Semantic Knowledge Discovery, 
  Organization and Use, New York University, Nov. 14-15, 2008.
  
-  F. Morbini and L.K. Schubert, 
   "Metareasoning as an integral 
   part of commonsense and autocognitive reasoning", AAAI'08
   Workshop on Metareasoning, July 13-14, 2008, Chicago, pp 155-162.
  
-  Benjamin Van Durme, Ting Qian and Lenhart K. Schubert,
    "Class-driven attribute
    extraction", COLING'08, Aug. 18-22, 2008, Manchester, UK.
  
-  Benjamin Van Durme and Lenhart K. Schubert,
   "Open knowledge extraction
   using compositional language processing", Symposium on Semantics 
   in Systems for Text Processing (STEP 2008), September 22-24, 2008 - 
   Venice, Italy.
  
-  L.K. Schubert, 
    "Partial 
       zombies, prostheses, and a pretty hard problem", Conference Abstracts,
      Towards a Science of Consciousness, Budapest Semester in Cognitive
       Science, Eötvös University, Budapest, Hungary, July 23-26, 2007. On-line 
       at https://www.hse.ru/data/2010/10/28/1223650091/TSC2007abstracts.pdf
  
-  F. Morbini and L.K. Schubert, 
    "Towards 
       realistic autocognitive inference", Logical Formalizations
       of Commonsense Reasoning, Papers from the AAAI Spring Symposium, 
       Tech. Rep. SS-07-05, AAAI Press, Menlo Park, CA, March 26-28, 
       Stanford, pp. 114-118, 2007.
  LI> L.K. Schubert, 
"Implicit Skolemization:
       Efficient reference to dependent entities",  Research on 
       Language and Computation 5, April 2007, (special volume on 
       Binding Theory, ed. by Alastair Butler, Ed Keenan, Jason Mattausch 
       and Ken Shan), pp. 69-86. Pre-publication
       version (differing only in format); ESSLLI'04 talk.
  
-  L.K. Schubert, 
    "Turing's
       dream and the knowledge challenge", 21st Nat. Conf. on 
       Artificial Intelligence (AAAI'2006), July 16-20, 2006, Boston, 
       MA, AAAI Press, Menlo Park, CA, pp. 1534-8.
 
-  P. Mukherji and L.K. Schubert, 
    State-based Discovery and Verification
       of Propositional Planning Invariants" (submitted version -- final ICAI'06
       papers currently not available electronically), Proc. of the Int. Conf. on 
       Artificial Intelligence (ICAI'06), June 26-29, Las Vegas, CSREA Press, 2006.
 
-  P. Mukherji and L.K. Schubert, 
    "Discovering Planning Invariants as
       Anomalies in State Descriptions", Proc. of the 2005 Int. Conf. on Automated
       Planning and Scheduling (ICAPS'05), June 5-10, Monterey, 2005.
  
-  L.K. Schubert,
       "Some 
       KR&R requirements for self-awareness", 2005 AAAI Spring Symposium on
Metacognition in Computation, Stanford University, March 21-23, 2005.
  
-  L.K. Schubert, "A new characterization of 
       probabilities in Bayesian networks",  Uncertainty in AI: Proc. 
       of the 20th Conference (UAI 2004), Banff, Canada, July 7-11.
       Extended version forthcoming as tech. rep., Dept. of Comp.  Sci., 
       Univ. of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627-0226.
       
  
-  L.K. Schubert and M.H. Tong, "Extracting 
       and evaluating general world knowledge from the Brown corpus", 
        Proc. of the HLT/NAACL 2003 Workshop on Text Meaning, May 31, 
       Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. (postscript)
  
-  L.K. Schubert, "Semantics and knowledge 
       representation" (pre-publication pdf). In W. Frawley (ed.), Int. 
       Encyclopedia of Linguistics, Second Edition, Oxford Univ. Press, 2003.
  
-  D. Ahn and L.K. Schubert, "A binary modality 
       for reasoning about conjoined situations in a hybrid logic", Proc. of the 
       Workshop on Methods for Modalities 3 (M4M 3), LORIA (INRIA Lorraine), 
       Nancy, France, Sept. 22-23, 2003.
  
-  L.K. Schubert, "Can we 
       derive general world knowledge from texts?", M. Marcus (ed.), 
       Proc. of the 2nd Int. Conf. on Human Language Technology 
       Research (HLT 2002), March 24-27, San Diego, CA, pp. 94-97.
       (postscript) 
  
-  A. Gerevini and L.K. Schubert, 
       "DISCOPLAN: An efficient online system for computing planning domain invariants",
       Proc. of the 6th Eur. Conf. on Planning (ECP-01), Toledo, Spain, 
       September 12-14, 2001. (Also available in the 
       ECP01 Proceedings.)
  
-  A.N. Kaplan and L.K. Schubert, 
       "Measuring and improving the quality of world knowledge extracted from WordNet",
       Tech. Rep. 751, Dept. of Computer Science, Univ. of Rochester, May 2001.
  
-  L.K. Schubert, "The situations we 
       talk about", in J. Minker (ed.), Logic-Based Artificial 
       Intelligence, 
       Kluwer, 
       Dortrecht, 2000, 407-439. (postscript)
  
  
-  A.N. Kaplan and L.K. Schubert, 
       "A 
       computational model of belief", Artificial Intelligence 120(1), 
       June 2000, 119-160.
  
  
-  A. Gerevini and L.K. Schubert, 
       "Discovering state constraints 
       in DISCOPLAN: Some new results", Proc. of the 17th Nat. Conf. on 
       Artificial Intelligence (AAAI'2000), July 30-August 3, 2000, 
       Austin, Texas.
  
  
-  L.K. Schubert and C.H. Hwang, 
       "Episodic Logic meets Little Red 
       Riding Hood: A comprehensive, natural representation for language 
       understanding", in L. Iwanska and S.C. Shapiro (eds.),  Natural 
       Language Processing and Knowledge Representation: Language for Knowledge 
       and Knowledge for Language, MIT/AAAI Press, Menlo Park, CA, and 
       Cambridge, MA, 2000, 111-174. See 
       
       MIT Press website for the book.
  
  
-  L.K. Schubert, "Dynamic 
       Skolemization", in H. Bunt and R. Muskens (eds.),
        Computing Meaning, vol. 1, Studies in Linguistics & Philosophy 
       Series, Kluwer Academic Press, Dortrecht (also Boston, London), 1999,
       219-253.
  
  
-  A. Gerevini and L.K. Schubert, 
       
       "Inferring state constraints for domain-independent planning", 
       Proc. of the 15th Nat. Conf. on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-98), 
       July 26-30, Madison, WI, 1998.
  
  
-  M.G. Core and L.K. Schubert, 
       "Implementing 
       parser metarules that handle speech repairs and other disruptions", 
       11th Int. FLAIRS Conference, Special Track on Natural Language Processing 
       and Human-Computer Interaction, Sundial Beach, Florida, May 17-20, 1998.
  
  
-  M.G. Core and L.K. Schubert, 
       "Handling 
       speech repairs and other disruptions through parser metarules", AAAI 
       Spring Symposium on Computational Models for Mixed Initiative Interaction, 
       Mar. 24-16, Stanford U., 1997.
  
  
- M. Light and L.K. Schubert, 
      "Knowledge representation for lexical semantics: Is standard first-order 
      logic enough?", in H. Bunt, L. Kievit, R. Muskens, and M. Verlinden 
      (eds.), IWCS II: 2nd Int.  Workshop on Computational Semantics, Tilburg 
      University, Netherlands, Jan. 8-10, 1997.
  
  
- A. N. Kaplan and L.K. Schubert, "Simulative inference in a computational
      model of belief", in H. Bunt and R. Muskens (eds.),  Computational
      Semantics, Studies in Linguistics & Philosophy Series, to appear.
      Preliminary version in H. Bunt, L. Kievit, R. Muskens, and M. Verlinden
      (eds.), IWCS II: Second International Workshop on Computational Semantics,
      Tilburg University, Netherlands, Jan. 8-10, 1997. Expanded version in
      Tech. Rep. 636, Dept. of Computer Science, U. Rochester, Rochester, NY 
      14627-0226, October 1997.
  
  
- L.K. Schubert, 
      "Framing the donkey: Towards a unification of semantic
      representations with knowledge representations", AAAI Fall Symp. 
      on Knowledge Representation Systems based on Natural Language, 
      Nov. 9-11, Cambridge, MA, pp. 120-130, 1996.
  
  
- A. Gerevini and L.K. Schubert, 
       "Accelerating 
      partial-order planners: Some techniques for effective search control 
      and pruning", J. of Artificial Intelligence Research 5, 
      pp. 95-137, Sept. 1996.
  
  
- D. Traum, L.K. Schubert, M. Poesio, N. Martin, M. Light, C.H. Hwang,
     P. Heeman, G. Ferguson, J.F. Allen, "Knowledge representation in the
     TRAINS-93 conversation system", Int. J. of Expert Systems 9(1), 
     special issue on Knowledge Representation and Inference for Natural 
     Language Processing, pp. 173-223, 1996.
  
  
- A. Gerevini and L.K. Schubert, "Computing parameter domains
      as an aid to planning", Proc. of the 3rd Int. Conf. on Artif. Intell.
      Planning Systems (AIPS-96) (B. Drabble, ed.), May 29-31, Edinburgh,
      The AAAI Press, Menlo Park, CA, pp. 94-101., 1996.
  
  
- L.K. Schubert and A. Gerevini, "Accelerating partial order planners
      by improving plan and goal choices", Proc. of the 7th Int. Conf.
      on Tools with AI (ICTAI'95), Nov. 5-8, Herndon, VA, 1995, pp. 442-450.
  
  
-  Gerevini, A. and L. K. Schubert. "Efficient algorithms for
       qualitative reasoning about time", Artificial Intelligence 74(2),
       pp. 207-248, 1995.
  
-  J.F. Allen, L. K. Schubert, G. M. Ferguson, P. A. Heeman, 
       C. H. Hwang, T. Kato, M. Light, N. G. Martin, B. W. Miller, 
       M. Poesio, and D.R. Traum. "The TRAINS project: A case study in 
       building a conversational planning agent," J. Experimental and 
       Theoretical Artificial Intelligence 7, 7-48, 1995.
  
-  C.H. Hwang and L. K. Schubert, "Interpreting 
       tense, aspect, and time adverbials: a compositional, unified 
       approach'', in D.M.  Gabbay and H.J. Ohlbach (eds.), Proc. of
       the 1st Int. Conf. on Temporal Logic, July 11-14, Bonn, Germany, 
       Springer-Verlag, pp. 238-264, 1994.
  
-  L.K. Schubert, "Explanation 
       closure, action closure, and the Sandewall test suite for reasoning 
       about change", J. of Logic and Computation 4(5), Special 
       Issue on Actions and Processes, pp. 679-799, 1994. Reprinted with
       minor changes in H.J. Levesque and F. Pirri (eds.), Logical
       Foundations for Cognitive Agents: Contributions in Honor of Ray
       Reiter, Springer, Berlin, 1999, pp. 325-351.
  
-  A. Gerevini, L.K. Schubert, and S. Schaeffer. "The temporal 
       reasoning tools TimeGraph-I-II.'' Proc. of the 6th IEEE Int. Conf. 
       on Tools with Artificial Intelligence, Nov. 6-9, New Orleans, 
       Louisiana, 1994.
  
-  C.H. Hwang and L.K. Schubert 
       ,"EL: A formal, 
       yet natural, comprehensive knowledge representation", Proc. of 
       the 11th Nat. Conf. on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-93), July 11-15,
       Washington, D.C., pp. 676-682.
  
-  C.H. Hwang and L.K. Schubert,
       ,"Meeting the interlocking
       needs of LF-computation, deindexing, and inference: An organic approach
       to general NLU", in Proc. of the AAAI Fall Symposium, TR FS-94-04,
       September, 1994, pp. 1237-1302. 
  
-  C.H. Hwang and L.K. Schubert, "Episodic 
       Logic: A situational logic for natural language processing," 
       In P. Aczel, D. Israel, Y. Katagiri, and S. Peters (eds.), 
       Situation Theory and its Applications 3 (STA-3), CSLI, 
       307-452, 1993. Corrigendum
  
-  A. Kyburg and L.K. Schubert, "Reconciling 
       sharp true/false boundaries with scalar vagueness", 1st Conf. of the 
       Pacific Assoc.  for Computational Linguistics (PACLING 1993), Apr. 21-24, 
       Simon Fraser Univ., Vancouver, Canada, 1993.
  
-  C.H. Hwang and L.K. Schubert, "Tense trees as the fine structure of 
       discourse", Proc. of the 30th Ann. Meet. of the Assoc. for 
       Computational Linguistics, U. of Delaware, Newark, DE, June 28 - July
       2, 1992, pp. 232--240. Reprinted in I. Mani, J. Pustejovsky and R. J. 
       Gaizauskas (eds.), The Language of Time -- A Reader, Oxford 
       University Press, pp. 461--474, 2005.
  
-  L.K. Schubert, "Semantic nets are in the eye of the beholder", in J. Sowa (ed.),
       Principles of Semantic Networks: Explorations in the Representation 
       of Knowledge, Morgan Kaufmann, Los Altos, CA, pp. 95-107, 1991.
  
-  L.K. Schubert, 
       "Monotonic solution of the frame problem in the situation calculus:  
       An efficient method for worlds with fully specified actions," 
       in H. Kyburg, R. Loui and G. Carlson (eds.), Knowledge Representation 
       and Defeasible Reasoning, Kluwer, Dortrecht, pp. 23-67, 1990.
  
-  S.A. Miller and L.K. Schubert, 
       "Time revisited", Computational Intelligence 6(2), 108-118, 1990.
       (A lower-resolution scanned pdf 
       version is also available.)
  
-  L.K. Schubert and C.H. Hwang, "An episodic knowledge representation for narrative texts",
       Proc. of the 1st Int. Conf. on Principles of Knowledge Representation 
       and Reasoning (KR-89), May 15-18, Toronto, Canada, pp. 444-458, 1989;
       (Outstanding Contribution Award); [the above link is to the scanned
       KR-89 Proceedings -- a very large file]; extended and revised version 
       in Tech. Rep. 345, May 1990, Dept. of Comp.  Science, Univ. of Rochester, 
       May 1990.
  
-  L.K. Schubert and C.H. Hwang, "Picking reference events from tense trees: 
       A formal, implementable theory of English tense-aspect semantics",
       Proc. of the Workshop on Speech and Natural Language (HLT '90),
       Hidden Valley, PA, June 24-27 1990, pp. 34-41.
  
-  F.J. Pelletier and L.K. Schubert, 
       "Mass Expressions", in D. Gabbay & F. Guenthner (eds.), Handbook 
       of Philosophical Logic, Vol. 4, Reidel, Dortrecht, 327-407, 1989.
 [Expanded version reprinted in second edition [2003] of this Handbook, 
       volume 10, pp. 265-350.]
-  L.K. Schubert and F.J. Pelletier, 
       "Generically speaking, or, 
       using discourse representation theory to interpret generics", 
       in G. Chierchia, B. Partee, R. Turner (eds.), Property Theory, Type 
       Theory, and Semantics, Vol. II, Kluwer, 193-268, 1989.  [scanned: 
       very large file]
-  L.K. Schubert and F.J. Pelletier,
       
       "An outlook on generic statements", in M. Krifka (ed.), Genericity 
       in Natural Language, Proc. of the 1988 Tübingen Conference, 
       SNS-Bericht 88-42, Universität Tübingen, Biesingerstr. 10, D-7400 
       Tübingen, November 1988, 357-371.
-  L.K. Schubert and F.J. Pelletier, 
       "Problems in 
       Representing the Logical Form of Generics, Bare Plurals, and Mass Terms",
       in E. Lepore (ed.), New Directions in Semantics, Academic Press, 
       387-453, 1987.
-  L.K. Schubert, M.A. Papalaskaris, and J. Taugher, 
       "Accelerating deductive
       inference: Special methods for taxonomies, colours, and times", in
       N. Cercone and G. McCalla (eds.), The Knowledge Frontier: Essays in
       the Representation of Knowledge, Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 187-220,
       1987.
-  J. de Haan and L.K. Schubert, 
      "Inference
      in a topically organized semantic net", Proc. of the 5th Nat. Conf.
      on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-86), August 11-15, Philadelphia, PA, 
      pp. 334-338, 1986.
-  L.K. Schubert, "Are there
       preference trade-offs in attachment decisions?", Proc. of the 5th Nat. 
       Conf. on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-86), August 11-15, Philadelphia, 
       PA, pp. 601-605, 1986.
-  F.J. Pelletier and L.K. Schubert, 
     Two theories for computing the logical form of mass expressions", Proc.
     of the 10th Int. Conf. On Computational Linguistics (COLING-84), July 2-6, 
     Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA, 108-111, 1984.
-  L.K. Schubert, 
     "On parsing preferences", Proc.  of the 10th Int. Conf. On 
     Computational Linguistics (COLING-84), July 2-6, Stanford Univ., 
     Stanford, CA, 247-250, 1984.
-  L.K. Schubert, M.A. Papalaskaris, and J. Taugher, 
     "Determining type, 
     part, color, and time relationships",, Computer 16(10), Oct. 1983, 53-60.
-  L.K. Schubert and F.J. Pelletier, 
     From English to logic:  Context-free computation of 'conventional' logical 
     translations", Am. J. of Computational  Linguistics 8 [now 
     Computational Linguistics], 26-44, 1982. (Reprinted, with corrections, 
     in B. Grosz, K. Spark-Jones, B. Webber (eds.), Readings in Natural 
     Language Processing,  Morgan Kaufmann, Los Gatos, CA, 293-311, 1986.)
-  D.T. Johnson and L.K. Schubert,
     "A planning control strategy that
     allows for the cost of planning, Proc. of the 6th European Meeting
     on Cybernetics and Systems, Univ. of Vienna, Vienna, Austria, Apr. 13-16,
     1982.
-  L.K. Schubert, "Problems with parts",    Proc. 6th Int. Joint Conf. on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-79), Tokyo, 
     Japan, pp. 778-784, Aug. 20-23, 1979.
-  L.K. Schubert, "On the representation of vague and uncertain knowledge",
    Information Abstracts of the 7th Int. Conf. on Computational Linguistics,
    (COLING'78), Univ. of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, Aug. 14-18, 1978, paper 37.
- L.K. Schubert, 
    "Extending
    the expressive power of semantic networks, Artificial Intelligence 7,
    163-198, 1976.
- N. Cercone and L.K. Schubert, "Toward a state-based conceptual
representation", Proc. 4th Int. Joint Conf. on Artificial Intelligence
(IJCAI-75), Sept. 3-8, Tbilisi, USSR, pp. 83-90, 1975.
- L.K. Schubert, On 
the Expressive Adequacy of Semantic Networks, TR74-18, Dept. of Computing 
Science, University of Alberta, 1974.
- L.K. Schubert, Representative samples of programmable functions, Information and Control 25, 
pp. 30-44, 1974.
- L.K. Schubert, Iterated limiting recursion and the program minimization problem, J. Assoc. Comp. Mach. 21, pp. 436-445, 1974.  Also in Proc. of the 3rd Int. Joint 
Conf. on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-73), Aug. 20-23, Stanford, CA, 
pp. 513-523, 1973.
- L.K. Schubert, Numerical study of sound refraction by a jet flow. I. Ray acoustics, J. Acoust. 
Soc. Am. 51, pp. 439-446, 1972.
- L.K. Schubert, Numerical study of sound refraction by a jet flow. II. Wave acoustics, J. Acoust.
 Soc. Am. 51, pp. 447-463, 1972.
- L.K. Schubert, Modification of a quasi-Newton method for non-linear equations with 
a sparse Jacobian, Math. Comp. 24, pp. 27-30, 1970; MR (41) #2923 (1971).
- J. Atvars, L.K. Schubert, E. Grande, and H.S. Ribner, ``Refraction of sound by
jet flow and jet temperature", NASA CR-494, May 1966. Also UTIAS Tech. Note
109, May 1965.
- J. Atvars, L.K. Schubert, and H.S. Ribner, Refraction of sound from a point source 
placed in an air jet, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 37, pp. 168-170, 1965.
Extensions of this work reported in AIAA Paper No. 65-82, AIAA Aerospace
Sci. Meeting, 2nd New York, 25-27 January 1965.